The Development of the Camera
The very earliest roots of photography date back to the 16th century when artists and scientists found that when light passed through a small hole in a wall of a dark room an inverted image appeared on the opposite wall. The replacement of the hole with a lens made the projected image brighter and sharper and by the 18th century the room became a portable box, used by artists as a sketching aid. In 1727 it was discovered by Johann Heinrich Schulze that silver halides and certain other chemicals turn dark when light hits them. About 1800 the first unsuccessful attempt to record an image using chemicals was made by Thomas Wedgwood.
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre(left) made an invention which he called the Daguerreotype that produced a picture on metal that was bought by the French government and made public on August 19, 1839. The problem with this design was that only one copy could be produced. A year later William Henry Talbot designed the Calotype, which produced a negative image where the light colours were dark and the dark colours were light. The negative was then used to produce a positive by shining light through the negative onto chemically sensitive paper. Since this design of camera could use a single negative to create an infinite number of positives it soon predominated. In 1851 Frederick Scott Archer developed a process which reduced the time of an exposure from 30 minutes to 2-3 seconds.
In 1884 George Eastman(right), the founder of the Kodak company, introduced flexible film and four years later he introduced the box camera. Eastman's inventions were the start of the camera as it is today. Since the late 1800's the evolution of the camera has been mostly improvements and changes to Eastman's design.
Here is a look at how the general apearance of the camera has changed since the late 1800's ( click on each camera to enlarge it )
Sunday, August 29, 2010
Digital camera and Line-scan camera systems
A digital camera (also digicam or camera for short) is a camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images via an electronic image sensor.
Front and back of Canon PowerShot A95
Many compact digital still cameras can record sound and moving video as well as still photographs. Most 21st century cameras are digital.
Digital cameras can do things film cameras cannot: displaying images on a screen immediately after they are recorded, storing thousands of images on a single small memory device, recording video with sound, and deleting images to free storage space. Some can crop pictures and perform other elementary image editing. The optical system works the same as in film cameras, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical.
Digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles. The Hubble Space Telescope and other astronomical devices are essentially specialized digital cameras.
Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single array of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Line-scan technology is capable of capturing data extremely fast, and at very high image resolutions. Usually under these conditions, resulting collected image data can quickly exceed 100 MB in a fraction of a second. Line-scan-camera–based integrated systems, therefore are usually designed to streamline the camera's output in order to meet the system's objective, using computer technology which is also affordable.
Line-scan cameras intended for the parcel handling industry can integrate adaptive focusing mechanisms to scan six sides of any rectangular parcel in focus, regardless of angle, and size. The resulting 2-D captured images could contain, but are not limited to 1D and 2D barcodes, address information, and any pattern that can be processed via image processing methods. Since the images are 2-D, they are also human-readable and can be viewable on a computer screen. Advanced integrated systems include video coding, optical character recognition (OCR) and finish-line cameras for high speed sports.
Front and back of Canon PowerShot A95
Many compact digital still cameras can record sound and moving video as well as still photographs. Most 21st century cameras are digital.
Digital cameras can do things film cameras cannot: displaying images on a screen immediately after they are recorded, storing thousands of images on a single small memory device, recording video with sound, and deleting images to free storage space. Some can crop pictures and perform other elementary image editing. The optical system works the same as in film cameras, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image pickup device. The diaphragm and shutter admit the correct amount of light to the imager, just as with film but the image pickup device is electronic rather than chemical.
Digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles. The Hubble Space Telescope and other astronomical devices are essentially specialized digital cameras.
Line-scan camera systems
A line-scan camera is a camera device containing a line-scan image sensor chip, and a focusing mechanism. These cameras are almost solely used in industrial settings to capture an image of a constant stream of moving material. Unlike video cameras, line-scan cameras use a single array of pixel sensors, instead of a matrix of them. Data coming from the line-scan camera has a frequency, where the camera scans a line, waits, and repeats. The data coming from the line-scan camera is commonly processed by a computer, to collect the one-dimensional line data and to create a two-dimensional image. The collected two-dimensional image data is then processed by image-processing methods for industrial purposes.
Line-scan technology is capable of capturing data extremely fast, and at very high image resolutions. Usually under these conditions, resulting collected image data can quickly exceed 100 MB in a fraction of a second. Line-scan-camera–based integrated systems, therefore are usually designed to streamline the camera's output in order to meet the system's objective, using computer technology which is also affordable.
Line-scan cameras intended for the parcel handling industry can integrate adaptive focusing mechanisms to scan six sides of any rectangular parcel in focus, regardless of angle, and size. The resulting 2-D captured images could contain, but are not limited to 1D and 2D barcodes, address information, and any pattern that can be processed via image processing methods. Since the images are 2-D, they are also human-readable and can be viewable on a computer screen. Advanced integrated systems include video coding, optical character recognition (OCR) and finish-line cameras for high speed sports.
SIM card Battery and Power supply
GSM mobile phones require a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM Card, to function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) used to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers). The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device.
A SIM card contains its unique serial number, internationally unique number of the mobile user (IMSI), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords (PIN for usual use and PUK for unlocking).
SIM cards are available in three standard sizes. The first is the size of a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm x 0.76 mm). The newer, most popular miniature version has the same thickness but a length of 25 mm and a width of 15 mm, and has one of its corners truncated (chamfered) to prevent misinsertion. The newest incarnation known as the 3FF or micro-SIM has dimensions of 15 mm × 12 mm. Most cards of the two smaller sizes are supplied as a full-sized card with the smaller card held in place by a few plastic links; it can easily be broken off to be used in a device that uses the smaller SIM.
The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja. Giesecke & Devrient sold the first 300 SIM cards to Elisa (ex. Radiolinja).
Those cell phones that do not use a SIM Card have the data programmed in to their memory. This data is accessed by using a special digit sequence to access the "NAM" as in "Name" or number programming menu. From there, information can be added including: a new number for the phone, new Service Provider numbers, new emergency numbers, new Authentication Key or A-Key code, and a Preferred Roaming List or PRL. However, to prevent the phone being accidentally disabled or removed from the network, the Service Provider typically locks this data with a Master Subsidiary Lock (MSL). The MSL also locks the device to a particular carrier when it is sold as a loss leader.
The MSL applies to the SIM only so once the contract has been completed the MSL still applies to the SIM. The phone however, is also initially locked by the manufacturer into the Service Providers MSL. This lock may be disabled so that the phone can use other Service Providers SIM cards. Most phones purchased outside the US are unlocked phones because there are numerous Service Providers close to one another or have overlapping coverage. The cost to unlock a phone varies but is usually very cheap and is sometimes provided by independent phone vendors.
A similar module called a Removable User Identity Module is present in some CDMA networks, notably in China.
Power supply
Mobile phones generally obtain power from rechargeable batteries. There are a variety of ways used to charge cell phones, including USB, portable batteries, mains power (using an AC adapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or a dynamo. In 2009, wireless charging became a reality, and the first wireless charger was released for consumer use
Battery
Formerly, the most common form of mobile phone batteries were nickel metal-hydride, as they have a low size and weight. lithium ion batteries are sometimes used, as they are lighter and do not have the voltage depression that nickel metal-hydride batteries do. Many mobile phone manufacturers have now switched to using lithium-polymer batteries as opposed to the older Lithium-Ion, the main advantages of this being even lower weight and the possibility to make the battery a shape other than strict cuboid. Mobile phone manufacturers have been experimenting with alternative power sources, including solar cells and Coca Cola
A SIM card contains its unique serial number, internationally unique number of the mobile user (IMSI), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the local network, a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords (PIN for usual use and PUK for unlocking).
SIM cards are available in three standard sizes. The first is the size of a credit card (85.60 mm × 53.98 mm x 0.76 mm). The newer, most popular miniature version has the same thickness but a length of 25 mm and a width of 15 mm, and has one of its corners truncated (chamfered) to prevent misinsertion. The newest incarnation known as the 3FF or micro-SIM has dimensions of 15 mm × 12 mm. Most cards of the two smaller sizes are supplied as a full-sized card with the smaller card held in place by a few plastic links; it can easily be broken off to be used in a device that uses the smaller SIM.
The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja. Giesecke & Devrient sold the first 300 SIM cards to Elisa (ex. Radiolinja).
Those cell phones that do not use a SIM Card have the data programmed in to their memory. This data is accessed by using a special digit sequence to access the "NAM" as in "Name" or number programming menu. From there, information can be added including: a new number for the phone, new Service Provider numbers, new emergency numbers, new Authentication Key or A-Key code, and a Preferred Roaming List or PRL. However, to prevent the phone being accidentally disabled or removed from the network, the Service Provider typically locks this data with a Master Subsidiary Lock (MSL). The MSL also locks the device to a particular carrier when it is sold as a loss leader.
The MSL applies to the SIM only so once the contract has been completed the MSL still applies to the SIM. The phone however, is also initially locked by the manufacturer into the Service Providers MSL. This lock may be disabled so that the phone can use other Service Providers SIM cards. Most phones purchased outside the US are unlocked phones because there are numerous Service Providers close to one another or have overlapping coverage. The cost to unlock a phone varies but is usually very cheap and is sometimes provided by independent phone vendors.
A similar module called a Removable User Identity Module is present in some CDMA networks, notably in China.
Power supply
Mobile phones generally obtain power from rechargeable batteries. There are a variety of ways used to charge cell phones, including USB, portable batteries, mains power (using an AC adapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or a dynamo. In 2009, wireless charging became a reality, and the first wireless charger was released for consumer use
Battery
Formerly, the most common form of mobile phone batteries were nickel metal-hydride, as they have a low size and weight. lithium ion batteries are sometimes used, as they are lighter and do not have the voltage depression that nickel metal-hydride batteries do. Many mobile phone manufacturers have now switched to using lithium-polymer batteries as opposed to the older Lithium-Ion, the main advantages of this being even lower weight and the possibility to make the battery a shape other than strict cuboid. Mobile phone manufacturers have been experimenting with alternative power sources, including solar cells and Coca Cola
mobile phones Software and applications
A mobile phone (also called mobile, cellular phone, cell phone or handphone)
is an electronic device used for full duplex two-way radio telecommunications over a cellular network of base stations known as cell sites. Mobile phones differ from cordless telephones, which only offer telephone service within limited range through a single base station attached to a fixed land line, for example within a home or an office. Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, whereas high-end mobile phones that offer more advanced computing ability are referred to as smartphones.
A mobile phone allows its user to make and receive telephone calls to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed line phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network operator. A key feature of the cellular network is that it enables seamless telephone calls even when the user is moving around wide areas via a process known as handoff or handover.
In addition to being a telephone, modern mobile phones also support many additional services, and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, email, Internet access, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera, MMS messaging, MP3 player, radio and GPS.
The first hand held phone was demonstrated by Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing in at two kilos.[2] In the year 1990, 12.4 million people worldwide had cellular subscriptions.[3] By the end of 2009, only 20 years later, the number of mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide reached approximately 4.6 billion, 370 times the 1990 number, penetrating the developing economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.
Software and applications
A Toshiba TG01 phone with touchscreen feature
The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.
Other non-SMS data services used on mobile phones include mobile music, downloadable logos and pictures, gaming, gambling, adult entertainment and advertising. The first downloadable mobile content was sold to a mobile phone in Finland in 1998, when Radiolinja (now Elisa) introduced the downloadable ring tone service. In 1999 Japanese mobile operator NTT DoCoMo introduced its mobile internet service, i-Mode, which today is the world's largest mobile internet service.
is an electronic device used for full duplex two-way radio telecommunications over a cellular network of base stations known as cell sites. Mobile phones differ from cordless telephones, which only offer telephone service within limited range through a single base station attached to a fixed land line, for example within a home or an office. Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, whereas high-end mobile phones that offer more advanced computing ability are referred to as smartphones.
A mobile phone allows its user to make and receive telephone calls to and from the public telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed line phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network operator. A key feature of the cellular network is that it enables seamless telephone calls even when the user is moving around wide areas via a process known as handoff or handover.
In addition to being a telephone, modern mobile phones also support many additional services, and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, email, Internet access, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera, MMS messaging, MP3 player, radio and GPS.
The first hand held phone was demonstrated by Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing in at two kilos.[2] In the year 1990, 12.4 million people worldwide had cellular subscriptions.[3] By the end of 2009, only 20 years later, the number of mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide reached approximately 4.6 billion, 370 times the 1990 number, penetrating the developing economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.
Software and applications
A Toshiba TG01 phone with touchscreen feature
The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.
Other non-SMS data services used on mobile phones include mobile music, downloadable logos and pictures, gaming, gambling, adult entertainment and advertising. The first downloadable mobile content was sold to a mobile phone in Finland in 1998, when Radiolinja (now Elisa) introduced the downloadable ring tone service. In 1999 Japanese mobile operator NTT DoCoMo introduced its mobile internet service, i-Mode, which today is the world's largest mobile internet service.
motarcycles and companies
Complaints India enables consumers and users of services and products to post their common complaints and suggestions regarding airline, bank, business, companies and Government and non Government organizations in India and abroad. Track your car complaints, mobile phone complaints, bank complaints, credit card complaints etc at this website. It's a consumer forum, board or bureau for consumers to redress their complaints.
Consumer Courts in India now gives the power to consumers to fight for their consumer rights at district level consumer forums. However consumers can proceed to confront companies and try to get quicker responses through the website. For companies its important to quickly address consumer complaints to protect their product or service brand image. Consumer-India web site has a number of resources for your assistance. Separate new product complaint and NRI complaint sections help in easier posting and tracking of complaints.
With online internet scams proliferating, its easy to get cheated by fraud companies. Consumers need to protect themselves from online scams, email scams, phishing etc.
Complaints can be posted on all products and services. You can post complaints Mobile Services (Airtel, BSNL, Idea, Reliance, Docomo, Unior, Aircel etc), Mobile Phones (Nokia, LG, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Blackberry, Micromax, Karbonn etc), Home Appliances like TVs, Refrigerators, ACs, Cooking Ovens etc.
Select appropriate sub category from the drop down field in Consumer Complaint Submit Page and submit details Complaint. If Company Mail Id is given, complaint will be forwarded to Company for resolution. You can also search for complaint status.
Major Companies / Services Items Covered:
Banks: Abn Amro Bank | Allahabad Bank | American Express Bank | Andhra Bank | Axis Bank | Bank Of India | Canara Bank | Central Bank Of India | Citibank | Corporation Bank | DENA Bank | HDFC Bank | HSBC Bank | ICICI Bank | Indian Overseas Bank | Oriental Bank Of Commerce | Punjab National Bank | State Bank Of India (SBI) | Standard Chartered Bank | IDBI Bank | United Bank Of India | YES Bank etc
Mobile Services: Airtel | Aircel | BSNL | MTNL | Idea | Tata Indicom | Tata Docomo | Reliance | Unior | Loop | Systema etc
Top Travel Agents: Clear Trip | Make My Trip | Yatra | Travelocity | Ixigo | Travelguru | Cox & Kings | Thomas Cook | Raj Travels | Kuoni Travels
Mobile Phone Handsets: LG | Nokia | Samsung | Motorola | Sony Ericsson | Blackberry | Iphone | Micromax | Karbonn | Chinese Phones | Videocon | HTC | Virgin | Lava | Spice | Intex |Imate | BenQ etc
Car Companies: Maruti | Tata | GM | Hyundai | Mahindra | HM | Mitsubishi | Honda | Reva | Toyota | Skoda | Peugeot | Nissan | Volkswagen | Fiat |Audi | BMW | Mercedes | Opel
Consumer Courts in India now gives the power to consumers to fight for their consumer rights at district level consumer forums. However consumers can proceed to confront companies and try to get quicker responses through the website. For companies its important to quickly address consumer complaints to protect their product or service brand image. Consumer-India web site has a number of resources for your assistance. Separate new product complaint and NRI complaint sections help in easier posting and tracking of complaints.
With online internet scams proliferating, its easy to get cheated by fraud companies. Consumers need to protect themselves from online scams, email scams, phishing etc.
Complaints can be posted on all products and services. You can post complaints Mobile Services (Airtel, BSNL, Idea, Reliance, Docomo, Unior, Aircel etc), Mobile Phones (Nokia, LG, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Blackberry, Micromax, Karbonn etc), Home Appliances like TVs, Refrigerators, ACs, Cooking Ovens etc.
Select appropriate sub category from the drop down field in Consumer Complaint Submit Page and submit details Complaint. If Company Mail Id is given, complaint will be forwarded to Company for resolution. You can also search for complaint status.
Major Companies / Services Items Covered:
Banks: Abn Amro Bank | Allahabad Bank | American Express Bank | Andhra Bank | Axis Bank | Bank Of India | Canara Bank | Central Bank Of India | Citibank | Corporation Bank | DENA Bank | HDFC Bank | HSBC Bank | ICICI Bank | Indian Overseas Bank | Oriental Bank Of Commerce | Punjab National Bank | State Bank Of India (SBI) | Standard Chartered Bank | IDBI Bank | United Bank Of India | YES Bank etc
Mobile Services: Airtel | Aircel | BSNL | MTNL | Idea | Tata Indicom | Tata Docomo | Reliance | Unior | Loop | Systema etc
Top Travel Agents: Clear Trip | Make My Trip | Yatra | Travelocity | Ixigo | Travelguru | Cox & Kings | Thomas Cook | Raj Travels | Kuoni Travels
Mobile Phone Handsets: LG | Nokia | Samsung | Motorola | Sony Ericsson | Blackberry | Iphone | Micromax | Karbonn | Chinese Phones | Videocon | HTC | Virgin | Lava | Spice | Intex |Imate | BenQ etc
Car Companies: Maruti | Tata | GM | Hyundai | Mahindra | HM | Mitsubishi | Honda | Reva | Toyota | Skoda | Peugeot | Nissan | Volkswagen | Fiat |Audi | BMW | Mercedes | Opel
ornaments, shops worldwide
The Ornament Shop, carries one of the largest selections of Hallmark Ornaments anywhere. Our goal is to stock the ornaments you are searching for. We strive to make it quick and easy to find the Hallmark ornaments that help you cherish the memories of the past. Choose from past year Hallmark Ornaments from 1973 to 2010, Miniature Hallmark Ornaments and more.
Hallmark collecting is a hobby shared by thousands of collectors. Many of the series pieces have risen greatly in price as they are highly sought after. Hallmark ornaments offer something for everyone at Christmas.
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The Ornament Shop has it all! Our Hallmark Ornaments area makes it quick and easy to find the items you are looking for. Choose from past year 1973 to 2010 Hallmark Ornaments, Miniature Ornaments, Easter Ornaments, Hallmark Collectors Club and Expo ornaments.
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Gallery of Pictures View pictures of ornaments by year. Click here to view pictures of all the ornaments made each year. We are constantly adding ornaments and pictures to the gallery. Hallmark ornaments come with many different themes to satisfy the most avid ornament collector or the person that just wants one special ornament. You will be amazed at the detail and collectibility of ornaments. Feel free to browse our selection of ornaments. We clearly have one of the best selections of hallmark ornaments anywhere with well over 6,000 different ornaments in stock.
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Monthly Specials. Browse our selection of Hallmark ornaments listed at special prices. The list of Hallmark ornaments on special changes each month, so check it out each month.
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Browse our list of Hallmark Kiddie Car Classics
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How to order Hallmark ornaments and shipping information.
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How can I tell if an item is out of stock?
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What does MIB mean?
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How to obtain a printed copy of our pricelist.
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Trading or selling your Ornaments Collection.
Hallmark collecting is a hobby shared by thousands of collectors. Many of the series pieces have risen greatly in price as they are highly sought after. Hallmark ornaments offer something for everyone at Christmas.
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The Ornament Shop has it all! Our Hallmark Ornaments area makes it quick and easy to find the items you are looking for. Choose from past year 1973 to 2010 Hallmark Ornaments, Miniature Ornaments, Easter Ornaments, Hallmark Collectors Club and Expo ornaments.
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Gallery of Pictures View pictures of ornaments by year. Click here to view pictures of all the ornaments made each year. We are constantly adding ornaments and pictures to the gallery. Hallmark ornaments come with many different themes to satisfy the most avid ornament collector or the person that just wants one special ornament. You will be amazed at the detail and collectibility of ornaments. Feel free to browse our selection of ornaments. We clearly have one of the best selections of hallmark ornaments anywhere with well over 6,000 different ornaments in stock.
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Monthly Specials. Browse our selection of Hallmark ornaments listed at special prices. The list of Hallmark ornaments on special changes each month, so check it out each month.
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Browse our list of Hallmark Kiddie Car Classics
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How to order Hallmark ornaments and shipping information.
*
How can I tell if an item is out of stock?
*
What does MIB mean?
*
How to obtain a printed copy of our pricelist.
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Trading or selling your Ornaments Collection.
About Jewelry shops worldwide
Jewelry.com is all about jewelry and where to buy it. Jewelry.com helps you find the perfect jewel at an unbeatable price by providing expert jewelry advice, insider shopping tips, unbiased jewelry reviews and a comprehensive jewelry education.
Only Jewelry.com members receive exclusive discounts and deals from the country's leading stores, along with doorbuster deals on selected jewels, sale alert e-mails and Jewelry.com's exclusive newsletter full of shopping tips, fashion updates and jewelry info. Jewelry.com membership is your pass to sparkling savings on over 30,000 stunning jewels and is absolutely free.
Whether you're looking for diamond rings, anniversary rings, gemstone and birthstone jewelry, watches or the latest jewelry style at the lowest price - jewelry.com is your sparkling online destination. From Pearls, Sapphires, Diamonds and Gold, to elegant earrings, brilliant bracelets or knock-out necklaces, we have the information you want. If it's amazing deals from your favorite retailer you're looking for Jewelry.com's Clearance Vault is the single largest jewelry outlet/clearance platform both on and off-line.
Jewelry.com provides a rare in-depth look at the entire jewelry shopping landscape. Our Top 60 Jewelers is the "Zagat" of the jewelry world, providing independent reviews of both national and regional fine jewelry stores in addition to our valued nine founding partners.
While we don't sell jewelry ourselves, Jewelry.com brings you years of experience and trust associated with its participating diamond partners: Fred Meyer Jewelers, Gordon's Jewelers, Helzberg Diamonds, JCPenney, Kay Jewelers, Littman Jewelers, Macy's, Nordstrom, REEDS, Sears, and Zales... see more about us.
Only Jewelry.com members receive exclusive discounts and deals from the country's leading stores, along with doorbuster deals on selected jewels, sale alert e-mails and Jewelry.com's exclusive newsletter full of shopping tips, fashion updates and jewelry info. Jewelry.com membership is your pass to sparkling savings on over 30,000 stunning jewels and is absolutely free.
Whether you're looking for diamond rings, anniversary rings, gemstone and birthstone jewelry, watches or the latest jewelry style at the lowest price - jewelry.com is your sparkling online destination. From Pearls, Sapphires, Diamonds and Gold, to elegant earrings, brilliant bracelets or knock-out necklaces, we have the information you want. If it's amazing deals from your favorite retailer you're looking for Jewelry.com's Clearance Vault is the single largest jewelry outlet/clearance platform both on and off-line.
Jewelry.com provides a rare in-depth look at the entire jewelry shopping landscape. Our Top 60 Jewelers is the "Zagat" of the jewelry world, providing independent reviews of both national and regional fine jewelry stores in addition to our valued nine founding partners.
While we don't sell jewelry ourselves, Jewelry.com brings you years of experience and trust associated with its participating diamond partners: Fred Meyer Jewelers, Gordon's Jewelers, Helzberg Diamonds, JCPenney, Kay Jewelers, Littman Jewelers, Macy's, Nordstrom, REEDS, Sears, and Zales... see more about us.
Gold and famous shops worldwide
Gold (pronounced /ˈɡoʊld/) is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from Latin: aurum, "shining dawn", hence adjective, aureate) and an atomic number of 79. It has been a highly sought-after precious metal for coinage, jewelry, and other arts since the beginning of recorded history. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Gold is dense, soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile pure metal known. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Gold is one of the coinage metals and has served as a symbol of wealth and a store of value throughout history. Gold standards have provided a basis for monetary policies. It also has been linked to a variety of symbolisms and ideologies.
A total of 165,000 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history, as of 2009.[1] This is roughly equivalent to 5.3 billion troy ounces or, in terms of volume, about 8,500 cubic meters, or a 20.4m cube.
Although primarily used as a store of value, gold has many modern industrial uses including dentistry and electronics. Gold has traditionally found use because of its good resistance to oxidative corrosion and excellent quality as a conductor of electricity.
Chemically, gold is a transition metal and can form trivalent and univalent cations in solutions. Compared with other metals, pure gold is chemically least reactive, but it is attacked by aqua regia (a mixture of acids), forming chloroauric acid, but not by the individual acids, and by alkaline solutions of cyanide. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but does not react with it. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals. This property is exploited in the gold refining technique known as "inquartation and parting". Nitric acid has long been used to confirm the presence of gold in items, and this is the origin of the colloquial term "acid test", referring to a gold standard test for genuine value.
A total of 165,000 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history, as of 2009.[1] This is roughly equivalent to 5.3 billion troy ounces or, in terms of volume, about 8,500 cubic meters, or a 20.4m cube.
Although primarily used as a store of value, gold has many modern industrial uses including dentistry and electronics. Gold has traditionally found use because of its good resistance to oxidative corrosion and excellent quality as a conductor of electricity.
Chemically, gold is a transition metal and can form trivalent and univalent cations in solutions. Compared with other metals, pure gold is chemically least reactive, but it is attacked by aqua regia (a mixture of acids), forming chloroauric acid, but not by the individual acids, and by alkaline solutions of cyanide. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but does not react with it. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals. This property is exploited in the gold refining technique known as "inquartation and parting". Nitric acid has long been used to confirm the presence of gold in items, and this is the origin of the colloquial term "acid test", referring to a gold standard test for genuine value.
Airhostess Training and job worldwide
Air hostess training is of utmost importance for employment of aspiring boys and girls as air hostesses also known as Cabin crew or Flight Attendant who are primarily on board an aircraft for the safety and welfare of the passengers and secondly for their comfort. If there were no services of food or drink during a flight, there would still have to be a minimum presence of Air hostesses or cabin crew for safety which is a legal requirement.
Air hostess or flight attendant is the face of the airline hence they are expected to excel in customer service and always remain friendly, approachable and enthusiastic with a good sense of self presentation. The role of air hostess or cabin crew can be physically demanding and one must be prepared to be flexible to work any day of the year. Hence there is a requirement of air hostess training to face the day to day challenges.
Air hostess can encounter many different situations whilst working on board an aircraft and must be an excellent team player with the ability to work on their own initiative using quick thinking and organisational skills.
The Air hostesses or flight attendants are a very important element in the flying process. Air hostesses or Cabin Crew try to keep everything running smoothly on each flight, and they deal with the desperate situations that arise when things don't go according to plan. Our revolutionary air hostess training methodology instills in them the confidence and expertise required to make a mark for themselves in the aviation industry.
Desire and even means to fly are growing in India as the galloping economy draws in more airlines, directly creating a huge demand for trained manpower.
Sristys Aviation, provides Air hostess Training to those aspiring to make a career in Aviation Industry. Over the years, Sristys have pioneered in Air hostess Training through their classroom study as well as revolutionary Online Airhostess Training program
Air Hostess Job:
Air hostess Jobs are one of the most sought after career in the aviation job market. As the airline industry continues to expand to meet growing consumer demand, more and more young people are taking up Air hostess Jobs. To those workers who can stand the long hours and unpredictable lifestyle, there's nothing quite like flying through the air as an Air hostess for a living.
In an air hostess job the employees are expected to excel in customer service and always remain friendly, approachable and enthusiastic with a good sense of self presentation. A flight attendant job can be physically demanding and you must be prepared to be flexible to work any day of the year. This does however give you a perfect opportunity to get away from the repetitiveness of a normal 9 to 5 job!
To grab an Air hostess or cabin crew Job one need to get the industry oriented Air hostess training. Sristys Aviation with an experience of more than 6 years in aviation consulting business can provide you with the right direction and orientation in getting an Air hostess or flight attendant job.
We offer lifetime placement assistance to all those who have undergone air hostess training from Sristys. In the last 12 months, there have been at least 8 airlines hiring each month! These air hostess or flight attendant job opportunities are typically available in 150-170 cities nationwide. It is not uncommon for some airlines to send hiring representatives to our campus to conduct the airline interviews
Air hostess or flight attendant is the face of the airline hence they are expected to excel in customer service and always remain friendly, approachable and enthusiastic with a good sense of self presentation. The role of air hostess or cabin crew can be physically demanding and one must be prepared to be flexible to work any day of the year. Hence there is a requirement of air hostess training to face the day to day challenges.
Air hostess can encounter many different situations whilst working on board an aircraft and must be an excellent team player with the ability to work on their own initiative using quick thinking and organisational skills.
The Air hostesses or flight attendants are a very important element in the flying process. Air hostesses or Cabin Crew try to keep everything running smoothly on each flight, and they deal with the desperate situations that arise when things don't go according to plan. Our revolutionary air hostess training methodology instills in them the confidence and expertise required to make a mark for themselves in the aviation industry.
Desire and even means to fly are growing in India as the galloping economy draws in more airlines, directly creating a huge demand for trained manpower.
Sristys Aviation, provides Air hostess Training to those aspiring to make a career in Aviation Industry. Over the years, Sristys have pioneered in Air hostess Training through their classroom study as well as revolutionary Online Airhostess Training program
Air Hostess Job:
Air hostess Jobs are one of the most sought after career in the aviation job market. As the airline industry continues to expand to meet growing consumer demand, more and more young people are taking up Air hostess Jobs. To those workers who can stand the long hours and unpredictable lifestyle, there's nothing quite like flying through the air as an Air hostess for a living.
In an air hostess job the employees are expected to excel in customer service and always remain friendly, approachable and enthusiastic with a good sense of self presentation. A flight attendant job can be physically demanding and you must be prepared to be flexible to work any day of the year. This does however give you a perfect opportunity to get away from the repetitiveness of a normal 9 to 5 job!
To grab an Air hostess or cabin crew Job one need to get the industry oriented Air hostess training. Sristys Aviation with an experience of more than 6 years in aviation consulting business can provide you with the right direction and orientation in getting an Air hostess or flight attendant job.
We offer lifetime placement assistance to all those who have undergone air hostess training from Sristys. In the last 12 months, there have been at least 8 airlines hiring each month! These air hostess or flight attendant job opportunities are typically available in 150-170 cities nationwide. It is not uncommon for some airlines to send hiring representatives to our campus to conduct the airline interviews
pilot job and salary worldwide
Here you find links to ROV personnel recruiters / employers and
information about ROV employment / career opportunities, mostly as ROV Pilot / Technician.
Some vacancy lists include indications on salaries paid.
This is the most popular non-commercial Global Maritime offshore employment Directory.
After 9 years on the Net averaging about 40.000 visits per month, out of which about 23% returning visitors.
Every year visitors from more than 200 countries and territories speaking over a hundred languages.
Please note 1: Jobs Available are changing all the time. I recommend you come back every one to two weeks and check job listings. Go to the job listings on each website below and check for new opportunities. Positions listed indicate the kind of jobs one usually finds on each website. It's very easy if you add this page to your "Favourites" (IE) or "Bookmarks" (Firefox).
Please note 2: When the recruiting agent have an on-line application form, you must use it - if you don't, your application goes straight into the waste basket.
Please note 3: None of the listed recruiting agents on this page asks for any placement fee - neither in advance nor later.
Please note 4: Offshore salaries ( wages ) are calculated and based on a 84 hrs work week, i.e. 12 hrs per day 7 days per week. When the job listings give a day rate you won't get paid when you relax at home. If the day rate is USD 300 and rotation two weeks on / two weeks off, you get about 15 x 300 = USD 4.500 per month.
Please note 1: Jobs Available are changing all the time. I recommend you come back every one to two weeks and check job listings. Go to the job listings on each website below and check for new opportunities. Positions listed indicate the kind of jobs one usually finds on each website. It's very easy if you add this page to your "Favourites" (IE) or "Bookmarks" (Firefox).
Please note 2: When the recruiting agent have an on-line application form, you must use it - if you don't, your application goes straight into the waste basket.
Please note 3: None of the listed recruiting agents on this page asks for any placement fee - neither in advance nor later.
Please note 4: Offshore salaries ( wages ) are calculated and based on a 84 hrs work week, i.e. 12 hrs per day 7 days per week. When the job listings give a day rate you won't get paid when you relax at home. If the day rate is USD 300 and rotation two weeks on / two weeks off, you get about 15 x 300 = USD 4.500 per month.
Please note 5: For offshore work everybody must have special Offshore Survival ( "BOSIET" ), Fire fighting and Medical Certificates, also medical staff. Usually agent or employer can advice further where to get these in a specific country. See also Offshore Training and Certificates for more info.
Please note 6: Every link on this page opens in a new window. If your "Pop-up killer" is too efficient it can also stop new windows. When this happens, please press "Ctrl" and click on the link you want.
Specific training and certification requirements can vary by geographical location according to local requirements and regulations. It's therefore necessary to apply only to suitable vacancies and to clearly specify what certificates you have.
Salary Examples
Offshore salaries ( wages ) are calculated and based on a 84 hrs work week, i.e. 12 hrs per day 7 days per week. When the job listings give a day rate you won't get paid when you relax at home. ROV pilot / technician day rates start from about UK £ 200 per day ( July 2009 ). With a rotation of 14 days on / 14 days off you would get about 15 x 200 = £ 3.000 per month ( about USD 5.000 per month ) [ 12 hours per day, 7 days per week ] - you are not paid when not working.
Many employees offshore are being turned into sub-contractors. This means mostly short time contracts with a day rate pay. Each sub-contractor is then individually and personally responsible for his own taxes, social security, pension fund, insurance etc.
Note that the actual salary paid a certain person depends very much on number of years offshore, his/her actual work experience, and the geographical location of the job site.
One UK £ ( GBP ) equals about 1.2 € (Euro) or about 1.6 USD - One € about 1.4 USD ( September 2009 ).
ROV Supervisor in the Middle East USD 800 per day ( Aug, 2008 ), ROV Workshop Supervisor, International locations; GBP (£) 40.000-50.000 per year [ about 5.300-6.600 USD per month, Aug. 2009 ].
This page is best in any browser
Approved ICRA label
ROV and diving support vessel
Following salary ranges were noted during 2008:
- ROV Superintendent £ 75.000 - 85.000 per year; ROV Superintendent, minimum 3 years experience as Pilot, USD 70.000-90.000 per year, GOM
- ROV Supervisor £ 60.000 - 70.000 per year
- ROV Sub-engineer £ 55.000 - 65.000 per year
- ROV Pilot £ 35.000 - 60.000 per year, depending on experience
- In April 2009 English-Arabic speaking ROV Engineer, 1-2 years experience, for Cairo, Egypt, was offered USD 55.000 per year.
In July 2009 following wages were offered:
- ROV Pilot Technician UK £ ( GBP ) 200-350 per day ( July - North Sea ); UK £ 250-300 per day ( September - Baltic )
- ROV Senior Subsea Engineer UK £ ( GBP ) 405 per day ( July )( North Sea )
- ROV Supervisor UK £ 420 per day ( July - North Sea ), in Oct. same rate in the Baltic.
In Aug. / Sept. 2009 ROV pilots were offered UK £ 300 per day in Asian waters ( 40-45 day contract ).
There is continuous discussion about ROV job pay rates on ROV World - Forums - ROV pay rates with pay rate information generally and about some specific employers. I have heard some rumblings that ROV Pilot / Techs from developing countries are paid 25-30% less than their counter parts from industrialized countries.
During May / June 2009 The Underwatercentre in UK made a study of ROV Pilot / Technician average salaries among their previous graduates. The average was UK £ ( GBP ) 42.750 per year, which equals 5.800-6.000 USD per month ( July exchange rates ).
information about ROV employment / career opportunities, mostly as ROV Pilot / Technician.
Some vacancy lists include indications on salaries paid.
This is the most popular non-commercial Global Maritime offshore employment Directory.
After 9 years on the Net averaging about 40.000 visits per month, out of which about 23% returning visitors.
Every year visitors from more than 200 countries and territories speaking over a hundred languages.
Please note 1: Jobs Available are changing all the time. I recommend you come back every one to two weeks and check job listings. Go to the job listings on each website below and check for new opportunities. Positions listed indicate the kind of jobs one usually finds on each website. It's very easy if you add this page to your "Favourites" (IE) or "Bookmarks" (Firefox).
Please note 2: When the recruiting agent have an on-line application form, you must use it - if you don't, your application goes straight into the waste basket.
Please note 3: None of the listed recruiting agents on this page asks for any placement fee - neither in advance nor later.
Please note 4: Offshore salaries ( wages ) are calculated and based on a 84 hrs work week, i.e. 12 hrs per day 7 days per week. When the job listings give a day rate you won't get paid when you relax at home. If the day rate is USD 300 and rotation two weeks on / two weeks off, you get about 15 x 300 = USD 4.500 per month.
Please note 1: Jobs Available are changing all the time. I recommend you come back every one to two weeks and check job listings. Go to the job listings on each website below and check for new opportunities. Positions listed indicate the kind of jobs one usually finds on each website. It's very easy if you add this page to your "Favourites" (IE) or "Bookmarks" (Firefox).
Please note 2: When the recruiting agent have an on-line application form, you must use it - if you don't, your application goes straight into the waste basket.
Please note 3: None of the listed recruiting agents on this page asks for any placement fee - neither in advance nor later.
Please note 4: Offshore salaries ( wages ) are calculated and based on a 84 hrs work week, i.e. 12 hrs per day 7 days per week. When the job listings give a day rate you won't get paid when you relax at home. If the day rate is USD 300 and rotation two weeks on / two weeks off, you get about 15 x 300 = USD 4.500 per month.
Please note 5: For offshore work everybody must have special Offshore Survival ( "BOSIET" ), Fire fighting and Medical Certificates, also medical staff. Usually agent or employer can advice further where to get these in a specific country. See also Offshore Training and Certificates for more info.
Please note 6: Every link on this page opens in a new window. If your "Pop-up killer" is too efficient it can also stop new windows. When this happens, please press "Ctrl" and click on the link you want.
Specific training and certification requirements can vary by geographical location according to local requirements and regulations. It's therefore necessary to apply only to suitable vacancies and to clearly specify what certificates you have.
Salary Examples
Offshore salaries ( wages ) are calculated and based on a 84 hrs work week, i.e. 12 hrs per day 7 days per week. When the job listings give a day rate you won't get paid when you relax at home. ROV pilot / technician day rates start from about UK £ 200 per day ( July 2009 ). With a rotation of 14 days on / 14 days off you would get about 15 x 200 = £ 3.000 per month ( about USD 5.000 per month ) [ 12 hours per day, 7 days per week ] - you are not paid when not working.
Many employees offshore are being turned into sub-contractors. This means mostly short time contracts with a day rate pay. Each sub-contractor is then individually and personally responsible for his own taxes, social security, pension fund, insurance etc.
Note that the actual salary paid a certain person depends very much on number of years offshore, his/her actual work experience, and the geographical location of the job site.
One UK £ ( GBP ) equals about 1.2 € (Euro) or about 1.6 USD - One € about 1.4 USD ( September 2009 ).
ROV Supervisor in the Middle East USD 800 per day ( Aug, 2008 ), ROV Workshop Supervisor, International locations; GBP (£) 40.000-50.000 per year [ about 5.300-6.600 USD per month, Aug. 2009 ].
This page is best in any browser
Approved ICRA label
ROV and diving support vessel
Following salary ranges were noted during 2008:
- ROV Superintendent £ 75.000 - 85.000 per year; ROV Superintendent, minimum 3 years experience as Pilot, USD 70.000-90.000 per year, GOM
- ROV Supervisor £ 60.000 - 70.000 per year
- ROV Sub-engineer £ 55.000 - 65.000 per year
- ROV Pilot £ 35.000 - 60.000 per year, depending on experience
- In April 2009 English-Arabic speaking ROV Engineer, 1-2 years experience, for Cairo, Egypt, was offered USD 55.000 per year.
In July 2009 following wages were offered:
- ROV Pilot Technician UK £ ( GBP ) 200-350 per day ( July - North Sea ); UK £ 250-300 per day ( September - Baltic )
- ROV Senior Subsea Engineer UK £ ( GBP ) 405 per day ( July )( North Sea )
- ROV Supervisor UK £ 420 per day ( July - North Sea ), in Oct. same rate in the Baltic.
In Aug. / Sept. 2009 ROV pilots were offered UK £ 300 per day in Asian waters ( 40-45 day contract ).
There is continuous discussion about ROV job pay rates on ROV World - Forums - ROV pay rates with pay rate information generally and about some specific employers. I have heard some rumblings that ROV Pilot / Techs from developing countries are paid 25-30% less than their counter parts from industrialized countries.
During May / June 2009 The Underwatercentre in UK made a study of ROV Pilot / Technician average salaries among their previous graduates. The average was UK £ ( GBP ) 42.750 per year, which equals 5.800-6.000 USD per month ( July exchange rates ).
pilot traing courses in ths usa
Professional Pilot Programs
The Only Place where you can find best pilot and flight training courses and programs. Check our flight training centers reviews.
If you wish to make flourishing career in the aviation industry then take the help Commercialpilottraining.net because it provides the list of leading aviation schools. To search a flight school is a baffling task. Therefore, our website offers the list of FAA certified flight schools and training centers. This site gives the information about the aviation schools those carries through the rules and regulations of FAA.
Many flight schools offer commercial pilot training in air crafts, helicopters, and commercial planes. Number of students wants to make career as commercial pilot. Therefore, we offer the proper information about commercial pilot training and suggest affordable and best flight schools.
We offer the list of desired flight schools to those who dream to fly and want to make career in aviation industry. These top rated aviation schools give commercial and private pilot training by the help of audios, visuals, simulators, special aircrafts, and helicopters. Aviation institutes have large fleet of well-equipped and well-maintained air crafts and helicopters to train student pilots.
Flight schools give commercial pilot license, private pilot license, flight instructor license, and other licenses after the completion of aviation training programs. There are certain requirements to get admission in these training programs and has to pass the exam of FAA to get the license. Our site presents the information about requirement and formalities to be a pilot, air cabin crew member, or flight mechanic.
Our site also gives information of air hostess and flight stewards training centers and flight mechanic schools. If you want to be a commercial pilot of any kind of aircraft or helicopter or want to join aviation industry then our site provides information related to commercial pilot training, private pilot training, flight mechanic training, and cabin crew training and suggests best aviation schools.
We make search very easy and suggests accessible and best flight training centers to the students. We also provide detailed information of every aviation need. Those who want to learn flying plane for pleasure can also gather valuable information from this portal.
Other than flight training, there are also so many needs related to aviation. Therefore, our site suggests the information of air crafts maintenance centers and pilot shops. We provide the information about flight schools, flight attendant training centers, air cabin crew, flight mechanic training, flight instructor training and many more.
Those who have their own aircraft need the pilot. Many flight schools offer the service of pilot supply and our website gives the information of schools that offer such facilities. In some aviation schools, students can also come with their own aircrafts and these schools offer the facility of hanger to such students without any extra charge.
Few flight schools offer flight training to international students in USA. Our site gives the information about the aviation schools that offer training to the international students. Commercialpilottraining.net is the complete information guide that helps you in every aviation need. Feel free to access this site and contact us for further information. Our experienced counselors are always ready to give you best possible suggestions.
Search for the Best Flight Schools and Commercial Pilot Programs
Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Columbia , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin , Wyoming , index ,
The Only Place where you can find best pilot and flight training courses and programs. Check our flight training centers reviews.
If you wish to make flourishing career in the aviation industry then take the help Commercialpilottraining.net because it provides the list of leading aviation schools. To search a flight school is a baffling task. Therefore, our website offers the list of FAA certified flight schools and training centers. This site gives the information about the aviation schools those carries through the rules and regulations of FAA.
Many flight schools offer commercial pilot training in air crafts, helicopters, and commercial planes. Number of students wants to make career as commercial pilot. Therefore, we offer the proper information about commercial pilot training and suggest affordable and best flight schools.
We offer the list of desired flight schools to those who dream to fly and want to make career in aviation industry. These top rated aviation schools give commercial and private pilot training by the help of audios, visuals, simulators, special aircrafts, and helicopters. Aviation institutes have large fleet of well-equipped and well-maintained air crafts and helicopters to train student pilots.
Flight schools give commercial pilot license, private pilot license, flight instructor license, and other licenses after the completion of aviation training programs. There are certain requirements to get admission in these training programs and has to pass the exam of FAA to get the license. Our site presents the information about requirement and formalities to be a pilot, air cabin crew member, or flight mechanic.
Our site also gives information of air hostess and flight stewards training centers and flight mechanic schools. If you want to be a commercial pilot of any kind of aircraft or helicopter or want to join aviation industry then our site provides information related to commercial pilot training, private pilot training, flight mechanic training, and cabin crew training and suggests best aviation schools.
We make search very easy and suggests accessible and best flight training centers to the students. We also provide detailed information of every aviation need. Those who want to learn flying plane for pleasure can also gather valuable information from this portal.
Other than flight training, there are also so many needs related to aviation. Therefore, our site suggests the information of air crafts maintenance centers and pilot shops. We provide the information about flight schools, flight attendant training centers, air cabin crew, flight mechanic training, flight instructor training and many more.
Those who have their own aircraft need the pilot. Many flight schools offer the service of pilot supply and our website gives the information of schools that offer such facilities. In some aviation schools, students can also come with their own aircrafts and these schools offer the facility of hanger to such students without any extra charge.
Few flight schools offer flight training to international students in USA. Our site gives the information about the aviation schools that offer training to the international students. Commercialpilottraining.net is the complete information guide that helps you in every aviation need. Feel free to access this site and contact us for further information. Our experienced counselors are always ready to give you best possible suggestions.
Search for the Best Flight Schools and Commercial Pilot Programs
Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Columbia , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wisconsin , Wyoming , index ,
How to check used car history records by the VIN number
I recommend to check a used car's history records as a first step before buying a car.
The used car history report can't give you a 100-percent guarantee that the car is perfect, but when you about to spend thousands of dollars on a used car, it is worth to pay for a history report that could give you some information about the car's past. Here are few examples of the information you may find in a used car history report:
The car was totaled in an accident/salvaged
Flood damage
Odometer rollbacks
Lemon histories
Junked Titles
State emissions inspection results
Lien activity, and/or
Vehicle use (taxi, rental, lease, etc.)
If available, service and repair history
Damaged vehicle
Sample fragment
of a real CARFAX® Vehicle History Report™.
Click for larger image
Look at the picture I made at a collision repair shop yard. Why do you think they keep that rear piece of the car? Because when they find the same vehicle with rear-end damage, they will just weld two pieces together into one car, paint it nicely and sell it through the auction somewhere in a different state or province. Soon it may appear in a used car dealer lot as "Immaculate condition with low mileage" vehicle. The car may look clean and shiny, but if you check the car history report, you may find that the vehicle was salvaged.
Another example: I received a message from the person who bought privately a "low mileage" car. He even had it inspected by a dealer and had been told that the car is OK. Few days later, he checked the used car history report and found out that previous reported mileage was a lot higher - very unfortunate situation.
By the way, when you bring a used car to a mechanic or a dealer for an inspection, have a look at items covered in the inspection checklist - usually it does not include things like previous accident check or odometer fraud check.
For these reasons, when buying a used car, it is worth to check the used car history as a first step and then have a car inspected by a mechanic of your choice.
How it works and how much it costs?
VIN number
All you need to order a history report is the VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) of the car you are going to buy. You can find this number in the vehicle title or under the car windshield (look at the picture). For a used car history reports we have partnered with CARFAX®.
A single Vehicle History Report™ at CARFAX will cost you $34.99 (US dollars). You can order 5 reports for $44.99.
You can pay them online; they accept VISA, MasterCard, and American Express. CARFAX® works in Canada as well.
The CARFAX® Vehicle History Report™ also includes Safety & Reliability Ratings, Warranty Information and Consumer Ratings & Comments for a model you order the report.
First, you may wish to check if there are records any available, it's free:
The used car history report can't give you a 100-percent guarantee that the car is perfect, but when you about to spend thousands of dollars on a used car, it is worth to pay for a history report that could give you some information about the car's past. Here are few examples of the information you may find in a used car history report:
The car was totaled in an accident/salvaged
Flood damage
Odometer rollbacks
Lemon histories
Junked Titles
State emissions inspection results
Lien activity, and/or
Vehicle use (taxi, rental, lease, etc.)
If available, service and repair history
Damaged vehicle
Sample fragment
of a real CARFAX® Vehicle History Report™.
Click for larger image
Look at the picture I made at a collision repair shop yard. Why do you think they keep that rear piece of the car? Because when they find the same vehicle with rear-end damage, they will just weld two pieces together into one car, paint it nicely and sell it through the auction somewhere in a different state or province. Soon it may appear in a used car dealer lot as "Immaculate condition with low mileage" vehicle. The car may look clean and shiny, but if you check the car history report, you may find that the vehicle was salvaged.
Another example: I received a message from the person who bought privately a "low mileage" car. He even had it inspected by a dealer and had been told that the car is OK. Few days later, he checked the used car history report and found out that previous reported mileage was a lot higher - very unfortunate situation.
By the way, when you bring a used car to a mechanic or a dealer for an inspection, have a look at items covered in the inspection checklist - usually it does not include things like previous accident check or odometer fraud check.
For these reasons, when buying a used car, it is worth to check the used car history as a first step and then have a car inspected by a mechanic of your choice.
How it works and how much it costs?
VIN number
All you need to order a history report is the VIN (Vehicle Identification Number) of the car you are going to buy. You can find this number in the vehicle title or under the car windshield (look at the picture). For a used car history reports we have partnered with CARFAX®.
A single Vehicle History Report™ at CARFAX will cost you $34.99 (US dollars). You can order 5 reports for $44.99.
You can pay them online; they accept VISA, MasterCard, and American Express. CARFAX® works in Canada as well.
The CARFAX® Vehicle History Report™ also includes Safety & Reliability Ratings, Warranty Information and Consumer Ratings & Comments for a model you order the report.
First, you may wish to check if there are records any available, it's free:
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Do you want to buy a car but you are not sure what type of car you want to purchase? Well here at Ciao, take a browse through our vast and extensive list. You can find different types of cars including micro cars, mini cars, compacts, off roaders, sports cars, convertibles and also view cars by manufacturers such as ... more Cars (By Type) »
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Looking for a Vintage Car? Here you will find reviews on Vintage Car models such as the Jaguar XJ6,...
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Automatic gearbox
...mileage this is completely unacceptable. Ford customer service help line basically told us that as the extended guarantee had expired, they were not interested in the problem. We have averaged 100 kms per 7.5 liters of deisel, and think that the fuel consumption for a car of this size is acceptable. Roadholding is good and it´s an easy car to drive. There are no blind spots. Probably the voice control of instruments is unneccessary, as we used
Mini Cooper - It is what it is....dont expect anything else....
...thing is when buying a Mini regardless of model, is that you will get one of the best small car drives around. For commuting in and out of town, zipping up the motorway visiting friends and familiy or for even shopping, the Mini is a wonderful experience. Fuel economy is great for commuting & for 'opening up' on motorway & the back seats fold down really simply and effortlessly for that medium shop.... If you want a mid size family car, lots of extras ...
...all that... The Mini is a bit like the Tardis from sitting in the front, it does feel bigger than what it looks like from outside. If your a teenager or large adult then the ride in the back will be cramped, but that is why it is a Mini. Build quality is excellent and robust. The instrument panel is 'gimicky' yet fun and no matter what style, look or extra's you get, I can assure you if it is the first time you've ever owned a Mini then you won't ..
It might have been delayed, but boy was it worth it!
...to order a brand new Audi A3, 1.6 S-Line. I was undecided on what colour to get, as nearly all my previous cars had been black and being a car cleaning fanatic, this colour really does come up well, however, the new craze of white cars had really caught my eye. Well, after many conersations(by that i mean arguments), i settled on black with black half leather. When i ordered the vehicle they didn't provide me with a definitive date for delivery, ...
...each week, it transpired that Audi UK was in a dispute with Audi Germany, where my vehicle had been built and that they had ceased shipping all vehicles until the dispute had been resolved. This dispute added four weeks onto my delivery date, which i find very dissappointing considering that i, a customer, had suffered as a consequence of internal disputes within Audi. Whilst my initial experience of buyng a brand new Audi was poor, it all became .
Great Value Small Family Diesel Car
...old second-hand 5 doors black Renault Megane 1.5 Hatchback and it is the best car that I had to date. In my oppinion the range is very well priced and offers great value for money. New models start at £14000 however you can pick up a second hand car for a very reasonable price of approx £4500 for a 3-4 years old and £1500 for a 6-7 years old. The 1.5 diesel engine is very economical, in city setting it ususally works out 50-55 miles per gallon and ...
...and a little futuristic- my Renault Megane is having a large digital speedometer on the dasdboard and it has also saved me being caught for speeding- it is very easy to know your exact speed at a glance! The seats are wider than in some simular sized cars making very confortable and doesn't make you feel squashed- there is also ample legspace both in the front and the back for taller passengers. The bootspavce is ample- much better than in a Renault ..
Have a long test drive before you decide! <
...on good reviews and supposed Toyota reliability. Liked the design and great colour - chilli red. Read lots of reviews, later found the bad ones, should've researched more and had a longer road test! Have now part exchanged and suffered a large financial loss. Why? Brakes - either on or off, dreadfully fierce with little feel. Main dealer said they were all like it (as is the Aygo), he seemd to agree with me that they were unsatisfactory. Gearbox ...
...from first to second gear, always crunched irrespective of technique. Service manager "couldn't find a fault". Engine - thrashy and raucous, made my old clapped out Punto sound like a Roller! Also performance not as good as expected for the engine size - poor acceleration, not too bad to endure if it was economical, but it wasn't particularly. Comfort - poor, hard seats, nice looking but poor quality interior. Details - back shelf flimsy and always ..
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Most Recent Reviews of Cars (By Type)
Automatic gearbox
...mileage this is completely unacceptable. Ford customer service help line basically told us that as the extended guarantee had expired, they were not interested in the problem. We have averaged 100 kms per 7.5 liters of deisel, and think that the fuel consumption for a car of this size is acceptable. Roadholding is good and it´s an easy car to drive. There are no blind spots. Probably the voice control of instruments is unneccessary, as we used
Mini Cooper - It is what it is....dont expect anything else....
...thing is when buying a Mini regardless of model, is that you will get one of the best small car drives around. For commuting in and out of town, zipping up the motorway visiting friends and familiy or for even shopping, the Mini is a wonderful experience. Fuel economy is great for commuting & for 'opening up' on motorway & the back seats fold down really simply and effortlessly for that medium shop.... If you want a mid size family car, lots of extras ...
...all that... The Mini is a bit like the Tardis from sitting in the front, it does feel bigger than what it looks like from outside. If your a teenager or large adult then the ride in the back will be cramped, but that is why it is a Mini. Build quality is excellent and robust. The instrument panel is 'gimicky' yet fun and no matter what style, look or extra's you get, I can assure you if it is the first time you've ever owned a Mini then you won't ..
It might have been delayed, but boy was it worth it!
...to order a brand new Audi A3, 1.6 S-Line. I was undecided on what colour to get, as nearly all my previous cars had been black and being a car cleaning fanatic, this colour really does come up well, however, the new craze of white cars had really caught my eye. Well, after many conersations(by that i mean arguments), i settled on black with black half leather. When i ordered the vehicle they didn't provide me with a definitive date for delivery, ...
...each week, it transpired that Audi UK was in a dispute with Audi Germany, where my vehicle had been built and that they had ceased shipping all vehicles until the dispute had been resolved. This dispute added four weeks onto my delivery date, which i find very dissappointing considering that i, a customer, had suffered as a consequence of internal disputes within Audi. Whilst my initial experience of buyng a brand new Audi was poor, it all became .
Great Value Small Family Diesel Car
...old second-hand 5 doors black Renault Megane 1.5 Hatchback and it is the best car that I had to date. In my oppinion the range is very well priced and offers great value for money. New models start at £14000 however you can pick up a second hand car for a very reasonable price of approx £4500 for a 3-4 years old and £1500 for a 6-7 years old. The 1.5 diesel engine is very economical, in city setting it ususally works out 50-55 miles per gallon and ...
...and a little futuristic- my Renault Megane is having a large digital speedometer on the dasdboard and it has also saved me being caught for speeding- it is very easy to know your exact speed at a glance! The seats are wider than in some simular sized cars making very confortable and doesn't make you feel squashed- there is also ample legspace both in the front and the back for taller passengers. The bootspavce is ample- much better than in a Renault ..
Have a long test drive before you decide! <
...on good reviews and supposed Toyota reliability. Liked the design and great colour - chilli red. Read lots of reviews, later found the bad ones, should've researched more and had a longer road test! Have now part exchanged and suffered a large financial loss. Why? Brakes - either on or off, dreadfully fierce with little feel. Main dealer said they were all like it (as is the Aygo), he seemd to agree with me that they were unsatisfactory. Gearbox ...
...from first to second gear, always crunched irrespective of technique. Service manager "couldn't find a fault". Engine - thrashy and raucous, made my old clapped out Punto sound like a Roller! Also performance not as good as expected for the engine size - poor acceleration, not too bad to endure if it was economical, but it wasn't particularly. Comfort - poor, hard seats, nice looking but poor quality interior. Details - back shelf flimsy and always ..
Saturday, August 28, 2010
Schools colleges universities with Computer Engineering majors in USA
Electrical & Computer Engineering
Top Stories
Three ECE faculty members elected to rank of IEEE Fellow
Drs. Narasimha Reddy (left), Jose Silva-Martinez (center) and Steve Wright (right) from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University recently were elected to the rank of Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).
Huff receives PECASE Award, the second for ECE in two years
Dr. Gregory Huff, assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University, was recently named a recipient of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) for his work on multifunctional antennas and multimodal sensing systems.
Barbie’s Next Career? Computer Engineer
Barbie has come a long way since 1992, when the blond bombshell of a doll was programmed to say, “Math class is tough.” Barbie, whose various careers have taken her from aerobics instructor to supermodel to business executive, will next be a computer engineer, a career chosen by half a million Barbie fans.
2010 Formula Hybrid competition
Top Stories
Three ECE faculty members elected to rank of IEEE Fellow
Drs. Narasimha Reddy (left), Jose Silva-Martinez (center) and Steve Wright (right) from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University recently were elected to the rank of Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).
Huff receives PECASE Award, the second for ECE in two years
Dr. Gregory Huff, assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University, was recently named a recipient of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) for his work on multifunctional antennas and multimodal sensing systems.
Barbie’s Next Career? Computer Engineer
Barbie has come a long way since 1992, when the blond bombshell of a doll was programmed to say, “Math class is tough.” Barbie, whose various careers have taken her from aerobics instructor to supermodel to business executive, will next be a computer engineer, a career chosen by half a million Barbie fans.
2010 Formula Hybrid competition
Computing Careers » Computer Engineering
Computer engineering (CE) students study the design of digital hardware and software systems including communications systems, computers and devices that contain computers. For them, programming is focused on digital devices and their interfaces with users and other devices. An important area within computing engineering is the development of embedded systems. Devices such as cell phones, digital audio players, digital video recorders, alarm systems, x-ray machines, and laser surgical tools all require integration of hardware and embedded software, and are all the result of computer engineering.
Computer engineering majors are offered by a fairly large number of universities, almost always within engineering. This major requires significant study of mathematics.Computer hardware engineers research, design, develop, test, and oversee the installation of computer hardware and supervise its manufacture and installation. Hardware refers to computer chips, circuit boards, computer systems, and related equipment such as keyboards, modems, and printers…. The work of computer hardware engineers is very similar to that of electronics engineers, but, unlike electronics engineers, computer hardware engineers work exclusively with computers and computer-related equipment. The rapid advances in computer technology are largely a result of the research, development, and design efforts of computer hardware engineers.
Computer engineering majors are offered by a fairly large number of universities, almost always within engineering. This major requires significant study of mathematics.Computer hardware engineers research, design, develop, test, and oversee the installation of computer hardware and supervise its manufacture and installation. Hardware refers to computer chips, circuit boards, computer systems, and related equipment such as keyboards, modems, and printers…. The work of computer hardware engineers is very similar to that of electronics engineers, but, unlike electronics engineers, computer hardware engineers work exclusively with computers and computer-related equipment. The rapid advances in computer technology are largely a result of the research, development, and design efforts of computer hardware engineers.
what is computer?
We are all familiar with what a computer is in a specific, contemporary sense. Personal computers are found in most aspects of daily life, and for some it is hard to even imagine a world without them. But the term computer means more than simply the Macs and PCs we are familiar with. A computer is, at its most basic, a machine which can take instructions, and perform computations based on those instructions.
It is the ability to take instructions — often known as programs in the parlance of computers — and execute them, that distinguishes a computer from a mechanical calculator. While both are able to make computations, a calculator responds simply to immediate input. In fact, most modern calculators are actually computers, with a number of pre-installed programs to help aid in complex tasks.Computers range from the very small to the very large. Some are capable of doing millions of calculations in a single second, while others may take long periods of time to do even the most simple calculations. But theoretically, anything one computer is capable of doing, another computer will also be able to do. Given the right instructions, and sufficient memory, a computer found in a wristwatch should be able to accomplish anything a supercomputer can — although it might take thousands of years for the wristwatch to complete the operation.
At one time, computers were extremely large, and required enormous amounts of power. This made them useful only for a small amount of tasks — computing trajectories for astronomical or military applications, for example, or code breaking. Over time, with technological advances, the computer was scaled down and its energy requirements lowered immensely. This allowed the power of the computer to be harnessed for a staggering array of uses.
As prevalent as personal computers are, they do not nearly begin to scratch the surface of computer use in our world. Interactive devices of all sorts contain their own computers. Cellular telephones, GPS units, portable organizers, ATM machines, gas pumps, and millions of other devices all make use of computers to streamline their operations, and to offer features which would be impossible without a computer.
A computer like this is often referred to as an embedded computer. An embedded computer is differentiated from a personal computer because it is essentially static in its function. While a personal computer, or some cellular telephones, or some personal organizers are able to have new software installed, and make use of a wide range of features, an embedded computer usually has only a few purposes, which are relatively fixed once the computer is manufactured.
Embedded systems vary in the amount of change that can happen to them after production. An MP3 player, for example, is an embedded computer, but can have quite a bit of interaction and changes made to it. It may allow the user to alter the colors used, change the clock, update firmware, and change the songs or playlists in memory. An embedded computer within a traffic light, to take another example, is probably quite fixed. It is set to respond to a few certain programs — time of day, a trigger when a car approaches, and perhaps input from a central database in the case of more advanced systems. These programs are not built for interactivity, and will likely never be changed over the system’s life.
It is the ability to take instructions — often known as programs in the parlance of computers — and execute them, that distinguishes a computer from a mechanical calculator. While both are able to make computations, a calculator responds simply to immediate input. In fact, most modern calculators are actually computers, with a number of pre-installed programs to help aid in complex tasks.Computers range from the very small to the very large. Some are capable of doing millions of calculations in a single second, while others may take long periods of time to do even the most simple calculations. But theoretically, anything one computer is capable of doing, another computer will also be able to do. Given the right instructions, and sufficient memory, a computer found in a wristwatch should be able to accomplish anything a supercomputer can — although it might take thousands of years for the wristwatch to complete the operation.
At one time, computers were extremely large, and required enormous amounts of power. This made them useful only for a small amount of tasks — computing trajectories for astronomical or military applications, for example, or code breaking. Over time, with technological advances, the computer was scaled down and its energy requirements lowered immensely. This allowed the power of the computer to be harnessed for a staggering array of uses.
As prevalent as personal computers are, they do not nearly begin to scratch the surface of computer use in our world. Interactive devices of all sorts contain their own computers. Cellular telephones, GPS units, portable organizers, ATM machines, gas pumps, and millions of other devices all make use of computers to streamline their operations, and to offer features which would be impossible without a computer.
A computer like this is often referred to as an embedded computer. An embedded computer is differentiated from a personal computer because it is essentially static in its function. While a personal computer, or some cellular telephones, or some personal organizers are able to have new software installed, and make use of a wide range of features, an embedded computer usually has only a few purposes, which are relatively fixed once the computer is manufactured.
Embedded systems vary in the amount of change that can happen to them after production. An MP3 player, for example, is an embedded computer, but can have quite a bit of interaction and changes made to it. It may allow the user to alter the colors used, change the clock, update firmware, and change the songs or playlists in memory. An embedded computer within a traffic light, to take another example, is probably quite fixed. It is set to respond to a few certain programs — time of day, a trigger when a car approaches, and perhaps input from a central database in the case of more advanced systems. These programs are not built for interactivity, and will likely never be changed over the system’s life.
Laptop Computers
Microsoft, why do you bother with touch computing? You haven't helped produce an impressive tablet even with years of experience in touch-based software development. Even worse, you let Apple come in and steal the show without much of a fight. So why do you continue to push this Windows 7 operating system, which is primarily intended for traditional mouse and keyboard usage, to touch devices? It makes no sense!
When will Microsoft learn from the past? Everyone knows that previous attempts to put Windows on touch devices ended up, at best, mediocre. Admittedly, Microsoft did put in a lot of effort into making Windows 7 a better operating system for the touch-happy among us. But what has that resulted in? Not much.
After reviews of various touch-enabled Windows 7 devices hit the newswire, the general consensus appeared that the overall experience is decent — but decent isn't quite good enough in consumer's eyes.
Same Old Story
The reviewers have noted that the Windows 7 touch devices are decent, but not exceptional when it comes to touch responsiveness. This might be a result of the fact that Windows wasn't initially designed with touch in mind. When you look at the iPhone OS and Android, these systems have user interfaces that have been designed to use with fingers: featuring larger icons, bigger text, and intuitive navigation. These systems have the benefit of being created from scratch with touch interaction in mind — Windows isn't.
Another serious but expected point that has arisen in many reviews is that the applications developed for the Windows operating system do not necessarily translate well to touch interaction. Just as Windows itself isn't heavily integrated with touch, the applications are even worse in this regard. After all, when someone develops an application for an iPod Touch, they expect it to be used for touch, but when developing for Windows, developers can't invest the time and resources for touch-enabled applications just for the sake of it.
Toss in the fact that you now have many contenders wanting to get involved in touch-based devices, and you quickly realize that Microsoft could have a serious issue on their hands that needs to be resolved.
In truth, anything less than amazing from Microsoft should be highly disappointing, especially when considering that Microsoft has the Apple iPad and friends to compete with. This could end up as another market that Microsoft gets left behind, even though they have had all the opportunity in the world to create something magnificent.
Time For Change
But there is something Microsoft could do: Microsoft could create a dedicated operating system or user interface that runs on top of Windows 7 that is designed specifically for touch interaction. It would be a great move that gives developers a dedicated place to develop for while improving the user experience for consumers.
But it is easier said than done.
However, just look at Windows Phone 7 — it looks stunning, beautiful, unique, and, overall, amazing. Microsoft decided to tear down the walls and rebuild from within, and it looks like it could pay huge dividends in the future. The problem? It is coming several years late to the party. Where was this thing, say, three years ago?
So surely the tech giant can do the same for a touch-based operating system. But it would involve Microsoft investing millions of dollars to create a new platform that might not necessarily be a success.
Mobile
Apple and Google, for the sake of comparison, migrated their mobile application marketplaces from mobile devices to tablet devices, giving th e touch devices a head start. Microsoft, on the other hand, doesn't really have a rich mobile application marketplace to build off of, especially when considering that Windows Phone 7 hasn't even come out yet — and there are no guarantees that this will be a success either.
So, in the end, Microsoft faces a huge conundrum that isn't easily resolved. Surely touch-based interfaces are going to be something that peaks consumer interest in the future, especially as the thought of carrying around a dedicated keyboard becomes more foreign to us. But Microsoft is not prepared to take the battle to Apple and Google.
It's intriguing when you think about it: Microsoft's Windows Phone 7 might be the product that makes or breaks Microsoft's future in touch devices, let alone mobile.
When will Microsoft learn from the past? Everyone knows that previous attempts to put Windows on touch devices ended up, at best, mediocre. Admittedly, Microsoft did put in a lot of effort into making Windows 7 a better operating system for the touch-happy among us. But what has that resulted in? Not much.
After reviews of various touch-enabled Windows 7 devices hit the newswire, the general consensus appeared that the overall experience is decent — but decent isn't quite good enough in consumer's eyes.
Same Old Story
The reviewers have noted that the Windows 7 touch devices are decent, but not exceptional when it comes to touch responsiveness. This might be a result of the fact that Windows wasn't initially designed with touch in mind. When you look at the iPhone OS and Android, these systems have user interfaces that have been designed to use with fingers: featuring larger icons, bigger text, and intuitive navigation. These systems have the benefit of being created from scratch with touch interaction in mind — Windows isn't.
Another serious but expected point that has arisen in many reviews is that the applications developed for the Windows operating system do not necessarily translate well to touch interaction. Just as Windows itself isn't heavily integrated with touch, the applications are even worse in this regard. After all, when someone develops an application for an iPod Touch, they expect it to be used for touch, but when developing for Windows, developers can't invest the time and resources for touch-enabled applications just for the sake of it.
Toss in the fact that you now have many contenders wanting to get involved in touch-based devices, and you quickly realize that Microsoft could have a serious issue on their hands that needs to be resolved.
In truth, anything less than amazing from Microsoft should be highly disappointing, especially when considering that Microsoft has the Apple iPad and friends to compete with. This could end up as another market that Microsoft gets left behind, even though they have had all the opportunity in the world to create something magnificent.
Time For Change
But there is something Microsoft could do: Microsoft could create a dedicated operating system or user interface that runs on top of Windows 7 that is designed specifically for touch interaction. It would be a great move that gives developers a dedicated place to develop for while improving the user experience for consumers.
But it is easier said than done.
However, just look at Windows Phone 7 — it looks stunning, beautiful, unique, and, overall, amazing. Microsoft decided to tear down the walls and rebuild from within, and it looks like it could pay huge dividends in the future. The problem? It is coming several years late to the party. Where was this thing, say, three years ago?
So surely the tech giant can do the same for a touch-based operating system. But it would involve Microsoft investing millions of dollars to create a new platform that might not necessarily be a success.
Mobile
Apple and Google, for the sake of comparison, migrated their mobile application marketplaces from mobile devices to tablet devices, giving th e touch devices a head start. Microsoft, on the other hand, doesn't really have a rich mobile application marketplace to build off of, especially when considering that Windows Phone 7 hasn't even come out yet — and there are no guarantees that this will be a success either.
So, in the end, Microsoft faces a huge conundrum that isn't easily resolved. Surely touch-based interfaces are going to be something that peaks consumer interest in the future, especially as the thought of carrying around a dedicated keyboard becomes more foreign to us. But Microsoft is not prepared to take the battle to Apple and Google.
It's intriguing when you think about it: Microsoft's Windows Phone 7 might be the product that makes or breaks Microsoft's future in touch devices, let alone mobile.
Computer Hardware
All the elements that go together to make up a PC fall into one of two categories, hardware or software. This section is about hardware, the stuff upon which software runs.
One of the definitions of 'hardware' according to Webster's dictionary is 'major items of equipment or their components used for a particular purpose'.
Everything you can see and touch in your PC is hardware. Complete PCs can be purchased for about $300 today, and the prices keep falling! All the items listed below that make up a PC can be purchased individually at computer or web supply stores.
This following list represents a basic set of hardware found in most PCs.
For more information on these components just click one.
1. PC Case
2. Motherboard
3. Power Supply
4. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
5. Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
6. Compact Disk Drive (CDD)
7. Digital Video Disk drive (DVD)
8. Monitors (CRT and LCD)
9. Keyboard
10. Mouse
11. Audio
12. Cables & Wires
One of the definitions of 'hardware' according to Webster's dictionary is 'major items of equipment or their components used for a particular purpose'.
Everything you can see and touch in your PC is hardware. Complete PCs can be purchased for about $300 today, and the prices keep falling! All the items listed below that make up a PC can be purchased individually at computer or web supply stores.
This following list represents a basic set of hardware found in most PCs.
For more information on these components just click one.
1. PC Case
2. Motherboard
3. Power Supply
4. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
5. Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
6. Compact Disk Drive (CDD)
7. Digital Video Disk drive (DVD)
8. Monitors (CRT and LCD)
9. Keyboard
10. Mouse
11. Audio
12. Cables & Wires
Maximum Security: Hacker's Guide to Protecting Your Internet Site and Network
Maximum Security: Hacker's Guide to Protecting Your Internet Site and Network
Maximum Security: Hacker's Guide to Protecting Your Internet Site and Network
Sams 1998 | 670 | ISBN: 0672313413 | PDF | 2
Security continues to be the predominant concern for any organization that is either on the Internet now or considering it. Nary a week passes where there isn't some new report of hackers breaking into computer systems at some government agency, or trashing some Fortune 500 company's Web site, or even stealing user passwords and credit card numbers. In June 1997, this book's first edition immediately shot to the top of several computer security bestseller lists. While undoubtedly some bought the book to learn how to hack, it turns out that the book's most enthusiastic fans were computer security managers who appreciated the book's comprehensive coverage and clear, to-the-point descriptions of the most common techniques hackers use to penetrate systems. The hacking community, however, hasn't stood still. This thoroughly updated edition discusses the hundreds of new computer system holes that have been discovered over the course of the past year, and covers the latest hacker techniques. ...
Maximum Security: Hacker's Guide to Protecting Your Internet Site and Network
Sams 1998 | 670 | ISBN: 0672313413 | PDF | 2
Security continues to be the predominant concern for any organization that is either on the Internet now or considering it. Nary a week passes where there isn't some new report of hackers breaking into computer systems at some government agency, or trashing some Fortune 500 company's Web site, or even stealing user passwords and credit card numbers. In June 1997, this book's first edition immediately shot to the top of several computer security bestseller lists. While undoubtedly some bought the book to learn how to hack, it turns out that the book's most enthusiastic fans were computer security managers who appreciated the book's comprehensive coverage and clear, to-the-point descriptions of the most common techniques hackers use to penetrate systems. The hacking community, however, hasn't stood still. This thoroughly updated edition discusses the hundreds of new computer system holes that have been discovered over the course of the past year, and covers the latest hacker techniques. ...
computer's generations
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
Read about each generation and the developments that led to the current devices that we use today.
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
The history of computer
The first computers were people! That is, electronic computers (and the earlier mechanical computers) were given this name because they performed the work that had previously been assigned to people. "Computer" was originally a job title: it was used to describe those human beings (predominantly women) whose job it was to perform the repetitive calculations required to compute such things as navigational tables, tide charts, and planetary positions for astronomical almanacs. Imagine you had a job where hour after hour, day after day, you were to do nothing but compute multiplications. Boredom would quickly set in, leading to carelessness, leading to mistakes. And even on your best days you wouldn't be producing answers very fast. Therefore, inventors have been searching for hundreds of years for a way to mechanize (that is, find a mechanism that can perform) this task.
This picture shows what were known as "counting tables" [photo courtesy IBM]
A typical computer operation back when computers were people.
The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation. A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator (multiplication and division are slower). The abacus is often wrongly attributed to China. In fact, the oldest surviving abacus was used in 300 B.C. by the Babylonians. The abacus is still in use today, principally in the far east. A modern abacus consists of rings that slide over rods, but the older one pictured below dates from the time when pebbles were used for counting (the word "calculus" comes from the Latin word for pebble).
A very old abacus
A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a representation of the human fingers: the 5 lower rings on each rod represent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings represent the 2 hands.
In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks which are now called Napier's Bones.
An original set of Napier's Bones [photo courtesy IBM]
A more modern set of Napier's Bones
Napier's invention led directly to the slide rule, first built in England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960's by the NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed men on the moon.
A slide rule
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) made drawings of gear-driven calculating machines but apparently never built any.
A Leonardo da Vinci drawing showing gears arranged for computing
The first gear-driven calculating machine to actually be built was probably the calculating clock, so named by its inventor, the German professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. This device got little publicity because Schickard died soon afterward in the bubonic plague.
Schickard's Calculating Clock
In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required precision). Up until the present age when car dashboards went digital, the odometer portion of a car's speedometer used the very same mechanism as the Pascaline to increment the next wheel after each full revolution of the prior wheel. Pascal was a child prodigy. At the age of 12, he was discovered doing his version of Euclid's thirty-second proposition on the kitchen floor. Pascal went on to invent probability theory, the hydraulic press, and the syringe. Shown below is an 8 digit version of the Pascaline, and two views of a 6 digit version:
Pascal's Pascaline [photo © 2002 IEEE]
A 6 digit model for those who couldn't afford the 8 digit model
This picture shows what were known as "counting tables" [photo courtesy IBM]
A typical computer operation back when computers were people.
The abacus was an early aid for mathematical computations. Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation. A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator (multiplication and division are slower). The abacus is often wrongly attributed to China. In fact, the oldest surviving abacus was used in 300 B.C. by the Babylonians. The abacus is still in use today, principally in the far east. A modern abacus consists of rings that slide over rods, but the older one pictured below dates from the time when pebbles were used for counting (the word "calculus" comes from the Latin word for pebble).
A very old abacus
A more modern abacus. Note how the abacus is really just a representation of the human fingers: the 5 lower rings on each rod represent the 5 fingers and the 2 upper rings represent the 2 hands.
In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named John Napier invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition. The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table. But Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks which are now called Napier's Bones.
An original set of Napier's Bones [photo courtesy IBM]
A more modern set of Napier's Bones
Napier's invention led directly to the slide rule, first built in England in 1632 and still in use in the 1960's by the NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which landed men on the moon.
A slide rule
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) made drawings of gear-driven calculating machines but apparently never built any.
A Leonardo da Vinci drawing showing gears arranged for computing
The first gear-driven calculating machine to actually be built was probably the calculating clock, so named by its inventor, the German professor Wilhelm Schickard in 1623. This device got little publicity because Schickard died soon afterward in the bubonic plague.
Schickard's Calculating Clock
In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could only add) but couldn't sell many because of their exorbitant cost and because they really weren't that accurate (at that time it was not possible to fabricate gears with the required precision). Up until the present age when car dashboards went digital, the odometer portion of a car's speedometer used the very same mechanism as the Pascaline to increment the next wheel after each full revolution of the prior wheel. Pascal was a child prodigy. At the age of 12, he was discovered doing his version of Euclid's thirty-second proposition on the kitchen floor. Pascal went on to invent probability theory, the hydraulic press, and the syringe. Shown below is an 8 digit version of the Pascaline, and two views of a 6 digit version:
Pascal's Pascaline [photo © 2002 IEEE]
A 6 digit model for those who couldn't afford the 8 digit model
type of computers
The types of computers range from the Hybrid to the Analog types. The computers you come across in the daily course of your day range from laptops, palmtops and towers, to desktop computers, to name a few. But the very word “computers” reminds one of the desktop computers used in offices or homes. Different categories of computes have been devised in keeping with our varied needs.1. The Mainframe Computer – These are computers used by large organizations like meteorological surveys and statistical institutes for performing bulk mathematical computations. They are core computers which are used for desktop functions of over one hundred people simultaneously.
2. The Microcomputer – These are the most frequently used computers better known by the name of “Personal computers”. This is the type of computer meant for public use. Other than Desktop Computer the choice ranges as follows:
* Personal Digital Computer
* Tablet PC
* Towers
* Work Stations
* Laptops
* Hand Held Computer
3. The Mini computer – Mini computers like the mainframe computers are used by business organization. The difference being that it can support the simultaneous working of up to 100 users and is usually maintained in business organizations for the maintenance of accounts and finances.
Yet another category of computer is the Super Computers. It is somewhat similar to mainframe computers and is used in economic forecasts and engineering designs. Today life without computers is inconceivable. Usage of different types of computers has made life both smooth and fast paced.
2. The Microcomputer – These are the most frequently used computers better known by the name of “Personal computers”. This is the type of computer meant for public use. Other than Desktop Computer the choice ranges as follows:
* Personal Digital Computer
* Tablet PC
* Towers
* Work Stations
* Laptops
* Hand Held Computer
3. The Mini computer – Mini computers like the mainframe computers are used by business organization. The difference being that it can support the simultaneous working of up to 100 users and is usually maintained in business organizations for the maintenance of accounts and finances.
Yet another category of computer is the Super Computers. It is somewhat similar to mainframe computers and is used in economic forecasts and engineering designs. Today life without computers is inconceivable. Usage of different types of computers has made life both smooth and fast paced.
Thursday, August 26, 2010
Biology
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Among the most important topics are five unifying principles that can be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology:
- Cells are the basic unit of life
- New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution
- Genes are the basic unit of heredity
- An organism will regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition
- Living organisms consume and transform energy.
physics
Physics (Ancient Greek: φύσις physis "nature") is a natural science that involves the study of matter[1] and its motion through space-time, as well as all applicable concepts, such as energy and force.[2] More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.[3][4][5]
Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.[6] Over the last two millennia, physics had been considered synonymous with philosophy, chemistry, and certain branches of mathematics and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 16th century, it emerged to become a unique modern science in its own right. However, in some subject areas such as in mathematical physics and quantum chemistry, the boundaries of physics remain difficult to distinguish.
Physics is both significant and influential, in part because advances in its understanding have often translated into new technologies, but also because new ideas in physics often resonate with other sciences, mathematics, and philosophy. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of motorized transport; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.[6] Over the last two millennia, physics had been considered synonymous with philosophy, chemistry, and certain branches of mathematics and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 16th century, it emerged to become a unique modern science in its own right. However, in some subject areas such as in mathematical physics and quantum chemistry, the boundaries of physics remain difficult to distinguish.
Physics is both significant and influential, in part because advances in its understanding have often translated into new technologies, but also because new ideas in physics often resonate with other sciences, mathematics, and philosophy. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products which have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of motorized transport; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
MEANING OF THE SCIENCE
Science Definition
The word science comes from the Latin "scientia," meaning knowledge.
How do we define science? According to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of science is "knowledge attained through study or practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world."
What does that really mean? Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena. The term science also refers to the organized body of knowledge people have gained using that system. Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or the knowledge gained from it.
What is the purpose of science? Perhaps the most general description is that the purpose of science is to produce useful models of reality.
Most scientific investigations use some form of the You can find out more about the scientific method .
Science as defined above is sometimes called pure science to differentiate it from applied science, which is the application of research to human needs. Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:
- Natural sciences, the study of the natural world, and
- Social sciences, the systematic study of human behavior and society.
The Different Fields of Science
This is just a partial listing of some of the many, many different possible fields of study within science. Many of the fields listed here overlap to some degree with one or more other areas.
Natural Sciences
Biology
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Chemistry
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Physics
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Earth Science
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